Comprehensive Guide to Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Prevention in Istanbul

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), also known as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are among the most common infectious conditions affecting adults worldwide. They are primarily spread through sexual contact—vaginal, anal, or oral—but may also be transmitted from mother to child during birth, breastfeeding, or through contaminated blood. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2024), over one million new infections occur daily. In Kadıköy and across Istanbul, gynecologists and infectious disease specialists report a growing number of asymptomatic STIs, emphasizing the importance of routine screening and early treatment.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

For information and appointments: +90 541 998 34 34

STIs affect both men and women, but women face greater risks of long-term complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and chronic pelvic pain. Kadıköy-based gynecology clinics highlight prevention, vaccination, and regular testing to ensure reproductive health and public safety.

Most Common Types of STIs in Kadıköy

1. Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis)

Chlamydia is one of the most frequently reported bacterial infections among sexually active young adults in Turkey. Many patients show no symptoms, allowing the disease to spread silently. Typical signs include abnormal discharge, pelvic pain, and burning during urination. If untreated, it can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancy.
UpToDate (2025) and PubMed studies (PMID: 38361722, 2024) confirm that doxycycline remains the most effective treatment. Kadıköy gynecology clinics recommend annual STI screening for sexually active individuals under 25.

2. Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection that affects the cervix, urethra, rectum, and throat. The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains is a growing concern globally and in Istanbul.
WHO and Turkish Ministry of Health guidelines recommend ceftriaxone as first-line therapy. Combined treatment for chlamydia is also common. Kadıköy specialists strongly discourage self-medication with unverified antibiotics.

3. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

HPV is the most common viral STI worldwide and in Turkey. Certain high-risk strains are responsible for cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers.
Gynecology centers in Kadıköy provide HPV vaccination (Gardasil 9®), Pap smear testing, and HPV DNA analysis. UpToDate (2025) emphasizes that vaccination before the onset of sexual activity prevents nearly 90% of HPV-related cancers.

4. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2)

Herpes causes painful blisters around the genital or oral regions. HSV-1 is typically oral, while HSV-2 affects the genital area. The virus remains dormant and may reactivate periodically.
Antiviral therapy with acyclovir or valacyclovir reduces recurrence and transmission. Kadıköy sexual health clinics provide confidential herpes management and counseling services.

5. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)

Syphilis infections have resurged globally, including in metropolitan Istanbul. The disease progresses through distinct stages—from a painless sore to rashes and, in late stages, organ damage.
Diagnosis is made via blood tests (VDRL, TPHA), and penicillin remains the gold standard treatment. In Kadıköy, both private and public clinics offer same-day syphilis testing with confidentiality.

6. Hepatitis B and C

Hepatitis viruses are transmitted through sexual contact and blood exposure. Chronic infection can result in liver cirrhosis and cancer.
Hepatitis B vaccination is included in Turkey’s national immunization program. Hepatitis C, though lacking a vaccine, is now curable with direct-acting antivirals. Kadıköy medical centers provide comprehensive testing and liver follow-up for high-risk patients.

7. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV weakens the immune system and may progress to AIDS if untreated. Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) ensures normal life expectancy and eliminates transmission risk.
Kadıköy-based HIV centers and laboratories offer anonymous, confidential testing and treatment with advanced ART regimens. Awareness programs in Istanbul promote the “U=U” principle—Undetectable equals Untransmittable.

8. Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)

Trichomoniasis is a parasitic infection causing vaginal discharge, itching, and odor in women, and mild urethritis in men.
Metronidazole or tinidazole effectively cure the infection, but both partners must be treated to prevent reinfection. Kadıköy gynecology practices often provide couple-based therapy sessions.

Typical Symptoms of STIs

Common symptoms include abnormal genital discharge, burning during urination, pelvic pain, itching, and genital sores. Some infections remain completely silent, especially in women.
Kadıköy clinics recommend regular STI screening for all sexually active individuals, particularly after unprotected intercourse or new partnerships.

Diagnosis and Testing in Kadıköy

Advanced diagnostic services available in Kadıköy include:

  • PCR and NAAT tests for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomonas.

  • Serologic blood tests for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B/C.

  • Pap smear and HPV DNA testing for cervical screening.

  • Swab PCR tests for herpes diagnosis.

UpToDate (2025) highlights that early testing helps prevent transmission and complications. Kadıköy clinics ensure complete confidentiality, rapid results, and evidence-based treatment.

Treatment and Management

Bacterial infections can be fully cured, while viral infections are controlled with ongoing management.

  • Chlamydia: Doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 7 days.

  • Gonorrhea: Ceftriaxone 500 mg IM single dose.

  • Syphilis: Benzathine penicillin G.

  • Trichomoniasis: Metronidazole 2 g single dose.

  • Genital herpes: Valacyclovir or acyclovir to manage outbreaks.

  • HIV: Combination ART for viral suppression.

  • Hepatitis: Antivirals to prevent liver disease.

Partner evaluation is mandatory. Abstaining from sexual activity until completion of therapy is essential. Kadıköy centers emphasize privacy, professional guidance, and same-day treatment initiation.

Complications of Untreated STIs

If left untreated, STIs can cause:

  • Infertility and ectopic pregnancy

  • Cervical and liver cancers (HPV, hepatitis)

  • Chronic pelvic pain and PID

  • Neurological and cardiac complications (syphilis)

  • Increased HIV risk

  • Adverse pregnancy outcomes

In Kadıköy’s dense urban population, delayed diagnosis is common due to stigma. Education and awareness campaigns aim to increase early detection and prevention.

Prevention and Safe Practices

Effective prevention includes:

  • Consistent condom use

  • HPV and Hepatitis B vaccination

  • Annual STI screening for high-risk groups

  • Avoiding needle sharing

  • Mutual monogamy and communication with partners

  • PrEP for HIV prevention

Kadıköy clinics integrate STI prevention into routine gynecologic care. According to PubMed reviews (2025), community awareness and early testing significantly reduce infection rates.

When to Visit a Gynecologist in Kadıköy

You should seek medical advice if you notice:

  • Unusual vaginal or penile discharge

  • Genital pain, sores, or ulcers

  • Bleeding after intercourse

  • Recurrent urinary infections or pelvic discomfort

  • Recent unprotected sexual activity

Kadıköy gynecology clinics offer confidential, same-day evaluations for both locals and international patients seeking reliable STI care in Istanbul.

For confidential consultation and appointments: +90 541 998 34 34

Why Choose Kadıköy for STI Treatment

Kadıköy is one of Istanbul’s most advanced medical districts, home to modern gynecology centers equipped with up-to-date diagnostic tools and multilingual staff. Clinics provide accurate laboratory testing, safe treatments, and absolute confidentiality.
International patients frequently choose Kadıköy for affordable, high-quality reproductive healthcare. Experienced specialists ensure compassionate care and effective results.

Key Takeaway

Sexually transmitted infections are preventable and manageable with early detection and appropriate care. Kadıköy clinics offer modern STI testing, treatment, and counseling to safeguard reproductive health. Awareness, prevention, and regular gynecologic visits remain the best defenses against infection.

For private and confidential consultation in Kadıköy: +90 541 998 34 34

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