Comprehensive Guide to Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Prevention in Turkey

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), also known as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are among the most common infectious diseases worldwide. These infections are primarily transmitted through sexual contact—vaginal, anal, or oral—but can also spread through childbirth, breastfeeding, or contact with infected blood. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2024), more than one million new STI cases occur daily around the world. In Antalya, one of Turkey’s leading medical and tourism destinations, gynecologists and infectious disease specialists report an increase in asymptomatic infections, underscoring the need for early diagnosis and professional treatment.

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STIs affect both men and women, but women are at greater risk for complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and chronic pelvic pain. Clinics in Antalya emphasize education, vaccination, and regular checkups to protect sexual and reproductive health while ensuring patient confidentiality.

Most Common Types of STIs in Antalya

1. Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis)

Chlamydia is one of the most common bacterial infections among sexually active adults. Many cases are silent, with no symptoms, yet untreated infections can cause serious consequences such as infertility or chronic pelvic pain.
Typical symptoms include abnormal vaginal discharge, pelvic discomfort, and pain during urination. According to PubMed (PMID: 38361722, 2024) and UpToDate (2025), doxycycline remains the most effective treatment. Antalya clinics recommend annual STI testing for all sexually active patients under 25 or with new partners.

2. Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

Gonorrhea affects the cervix, urethra, rectum, and throat, and antibiotic resistance has made it a growing global concern.
WHO and Turkish Ministry of Health guidelines recommend ceftriaxone as first-line therapy, often combined with doxycycline for possible chlamydia co-infection. Antalya clinics provide rapid and precise diagnostic tests to detect resistant strains and ensure appropriate therapy.

3. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

HPV is the most prevalent viral STI worldwide. High-risk HPV types cause cervical, anal, and throat cancers, while low-risk types cause genital warts.
Gynecology centers in Antalya offer HPV vaccination (Gardasil 9®), Pap smear tests, and HPV DNA screening. UpToDate (2025) confirms that vaccination before sexual activity can prevent up to 90% of HPV-related cancers. Clinics also provide HPV treatment and lesion removal services under professional supervision.

4. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2)

Herpes causes painful blisters or ulcers on the genitals or mouth. HSV-1 is typically oral, whereas HSV-2 mainly affects the genital area. The virus remains dormant in nerve tissue and can reactivate during periods of stress.
Treatment with acyclovir or valacyclovir helps control outbreaks and reduces the risk of transmission. Antalya’s gynecology clinics offer confidential herpes management programs, antiviral prescriptions, and patient education.

5. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)

Syphilis is a multi-stage bacterial infection that has resurged worldwide, including in Turkey. It starts as a painless sore (chancre) and progresses to involve multiple organs if untreated.
Diagnosis is made through blood tests (VDRL, TPHA), and penicillin remains the treatment of choice. Antalya medical centers provide same-day testing, immediate treatment, and full patient confidentiality.

6. Hepatitis B and C

Hepatitis B and C are viral infections transmitted through sexual contact or blood exposure. Chronic cases can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Turkey’s national immunization program includes Hepatitis B vaccination, and Hepatitis C is now curable with direct-acting antiviral therapy. Antalya’s hospitals and private clinics provide vaccination, testing, and long-term monitoring for both local and international patients.

7. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV weakens the immune system and can progress to AIDS if untreated. Early antiretroviral therapy (ART) ensures a normal lifespan and prevents transmission.
In Antalya, several hospitals and clinics specialize in HIV prevention and treatment. The “U=U” concept — Undetectable equals Untransmittable — is widely promoted to reduce stigma and improve awareness. All services are confidential and managed by experienced infectious disease specialists.

8. Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)

Trichomoniasis is a parasitic infection causing vaginal discharge, irritation, and discomfort in women, and mild urethritis in men.
Metronidazole or tinidazole effectively cure the infection. Since reinfection is common, both partners must receive treatment. Antalya gynecology clinics offer couple-based consultation and testing to prevent recurrence.

Typical Symptoms of STIs

Symptoms of sexually transmitted infections may include:

  • Abnormal vaginal or penile discharge

  • Burning sensation during urination

  • Pelvic or lower abdominal pain

  • Painful intercourse

  • Genital sores, ulcers, or warts

  • Unexplained vaginal bleeding

However, many infections remain silent and asymptomatic. Clinics in Antalya encourage routine annual STI testing for sexually active adults, especially for those with new or multiple partners.

Diagnosis and Testing in Antalya

Modern diagnostic options offered by Antalya clinics include:

  • PCR and NAAT tests for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomonas.

  • Serologic blood tests for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B/C.

  • Pap smear and HPV DNA testing for cervical cancer prevention.

  • PCR swabs for herpes simplex virus.

According to UpToDate (2025), early and precise testing prevents transmission and long-term complications. Antalya clinics ensure patient privacy, quick results, and international diagnostic standards.

Treatment and Medical Management

Bacterial STIs can be completely cured, while viral infections are controlled through antiviral therapy and long-term management.

  • Chlamydia: Doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 7 days.

  • Gonorrhea: Ceftriaxone 500 mg IM single dose.

  • Syphilis: Benzathine penicillin G injection.

  • Trichomoniasis: Metronidazole 2 g oral single dose.

  • Genital Herpes: Valacyclovir or acyclovir for symptom control.

  • HIV: Combination ART for viral suppression.

  • Hepatitis: Antiviral therapy to prevent liver damage.

Partner testing and concurrent treatment are essential. Sexual activity should be avoided until both partners have completed therapy. Antalya clinics ensure comprehensive care, privacy, and same-day initiation of treatment.

Complications of Untreated STIs

If left untreated, STIs can lead to:

  • Infertility and ectopic pregnancy (chlamydia, gonorrhea)

  • Chronic pelvic pain and PID

  • Cervical and liver cancers (HPV, hepatitis)

  • Neurological complications (syphilis)

  • Increased HIV susceptibility

  • Adverse pregnancy outcomes

In Antalya’s growing population, late diagnosis often stems from embarrassment or misinformation. Local healthcare providers focus on awareness campaigns and preventive care to reduce the burden of sexually transmitted infections.

Prevention and Safe Practices

Prevention is the most effective way to combat STIs:

  • Condom use during all types of sexual activity.

  • HPV and Hepatitis B vaccination for unvaccinated individuals.

  • Routine STI screening after new sexual partners.

  • Avoid sharing needles or razors.

  • Mutual monogamy and open communication with partners.

  • PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) for individuals at risk of HIV.

Antalya’s gynecology and sexual health clinics integrate preventive programs into regular patient checkups. According to PubMed (2025), awareness combined with early screening significantly reduces STI prevalence in major cities.

When to Visit a Gynecologist in Antalya

You should seek medical consultation if you experience:

  • Unusual discharge or genital odor

  • Pain or bleeding during intercourse

  • Persistent sores, ulcers, or rashes

  • Recurrent urinary infections

  • Unprotected sexual contact with a new partner

Early medical attention ensures accurate diagnosis and successful treatment. Antalya clinics provide confidential, same-day consultations and are experienced in serving both local residents and international visitors.

For confidential consultation and appointments: +90 541 998 34 34

Why Choose Antalya for STI Treatment

Antalya is one of Turkey’s premier medical tourism destinations, offering high-quality healthcare combined with patient privacy and comfort. Clinics are equipped with modern laboratories, experienced gynecologists, and multilingual staff.
Patients from Europe and the Middle East frequently choose Antalya for sexual health and reproductive medicine services due to its advanced medical infrastructure and welcoming environment.

Key Takeaway

Sexually transmitted infections are preventable and manageable when detected early. Antalya clinics provide state-of-the-art testing, effective treatment, and personalized counseling in a fully confidential setting. Regular gynecologic checkups, vaccination, and safe sexual practices remain the best protection for lifelong sexual well-being.

For private and confidential consultation in Antalya: +90 541 998 34 34

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