Comprehensive Guide to Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Prevention in Turkey

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), also known as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are among the most common infectious conditions globally. They are mainly transmitted through sexual contact—vaginal, anal, or oral—but can also be passed from mother to child during childbirth, through breastfeeding, or by contact with infected blood. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2024), over one million new STI cases are diagnosed worldwide each day. In Bursa, one of Turkey’s most dynamic and growing cities, gynecologists and infectious disease specialists have observed a steady increase in STI cases, emphasizing the importance of prevention, early testing, and proper treatment.

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For information and appointments: +90 541 998 34 34

STIs affect both men and women, but women face a greater risk of long-term complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and chronic pelvic pain. Gynecology clinics in Bursa stress the importance of awareness, vaccination, and early medical intervention to maintain reproductive health and prevent future complications.

Most Common Types of STIs in Bursa

1. Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis)

Chlamydia is one of the most common bacterial infections among sexually active adults. It is often asymptomatic, allowing silent transmission between partners. Typical symptoms, when present, include abnormal discharge, pain during urination, and pelvic discomfort.
According to PubMed (PMID: 38361722, 2024) and UpToDate (2025), doxycycline remains the first-line therapy. Bursa clinics recommend annual screening for sexually active individuals, particularly women under 25 and those with new sexual partners.

2. Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

Gonorrhea infects the cervix, urethra, rectum, or throat. The growing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains makes accurate diagnosis and targeted therapy essential.
WHO and Turkish Ministry of Health guidelines recommend ceftriaxone as the most effective treatment. Combined therapy with doxycycline is often used to cover possible chlamydia co-infection. Bursa medical centers offer laboratory-based culture and PCR testing for accurate detection and antibiotic selection.

3. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

HPV is the most common viral STI worldwide and is responsible for genital warts and cancers such as cervical, anal, and throat cancers.
Clinics in Bursa provide HPV vaccination (Gardasil 9®), Pap smear testing, and HPV DNA analysis. According to UpToDate (2025), early vaccination before sexual activity prevents up to 90% of HPV-related cancers. Bursa gynecology specialists also offer treatment for genital warts and monitoring for high-risk HPV strains.

4. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2)

Herpes causes recurrent blisters and ulcers on the mouth or genitals. HSV-1 typically affects the oral area, while HSV-2 affects the genital region. The virus remains dormant in nerve tissue and may reactivate periodically.
Treatment with acyclovir or valacyclovir suppresses outbreaks and reduces the risk of transmission. Bursa sexual health clinics provide confidential herpes management, counseling, and antiviral prescriptions.

5. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)

Syphilis is a re-emerging bacterial infection that progresses in stages — from a painless sore to rashes and systemic complications if untreated.
Diagnosis is made with blood tests (VDRL, TPHA). Penicillin remains the standard treatment. Clinics in Bursa provide same-day testing and therapy while maintaining full confidentiality. Early intervention is crucial to prevent late-stage organ damage.

6. Hepatitis B and C

Hepatitis B and C are viral infections transmitted through sexual contact or exposure to infected blood. Chronic infection can lead to liver cirrhosis and cancer.
Hepatitis B vaccination is part of Turkey’s routine immunization program. Hepatitis C can now be cured using direct-acting antivirals. Bursa hospitals and private clinics offer full screening, vaccination, and long-term monitoring services for these conditions.

7. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV weakens the immune system and can progress to AIDS if left untreated. With early antiretroviral therapy (ART), patients can live long, healthy lives.
Bursa clinics provide confidential HIV testing, ART management, and preventive counseling. The “U=U” (Undetectable = Untransmittable) concept is promoted to reduce stigma and ensure early treatment for all patients.

8. Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)

Trichomoniasis is a parasitic infection that affects both women and men. It causes vaginal discharge, itching, and irritation in women, and mild urethritis in men.
Metronidazole or tinidazole effectively treat the infection, but both partners must be treated to prevent reinfection. Bursa gynecology clinics encourage couple counseling and partner testing for effective management.

Typical Symptoms of STIs

Typical STI symptoms include:

  • Abnormal vaginal or penile discharge

  • Pain or burning during urination

  • Pelvic or abdominal pain

  • Genital sores, ulcers, or warts

  • Painful intercourse

  • Vaginal bleeding outside the menstrual period

However, many infections are asymptomatic. Up to 70% of chlamydia or HPV infections may go unnoticed. Clinics in Bursa recommend annual STI screening for all sexually active individuals and immediate testing after unprotected intercourse.

Diagnosis and Testing in Bursa

Modern diagnostic services available in Bursa include:

  • PCR and NAAT tests for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomonas.

  • Serologic tests for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B/C.

  • Pap smear and HPV DNA testing for cervical cancer prevention.

  • PCR swabs for herpes simplex virus detection.

UpToDate (2025) emphasizes that accurate and early testing reduces transmission and long-term health complications. Bursa clinics ensure privacy, rapid results, and evidence-based diagnostic methods.

Treatment and Medical Management

Bacterial infections are fully curable with antibiotics, while viral infections are managed through antiviral therapy and long-term follow-up.

  • Chlamydia: Doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 7 days.

  • Gonorrhea: Ceftriaxone 500 mg IM single dose.

  • Syphilis: Benzathine penicillin G injection.

  • Trichomoniasis: Metronidazole 2 g orally once.

  • Genital Herpes: Acyclovir or valacyclovir for suppression.

  • HIV: Combination ART for viral control.

  • Hepatitis: Antivirals to prevent progression and liver damage.

Partner testing and simultaneous treatment are mandatory to prevent reinfection. Clinics in Bursa maintain strict confidentiality and provide same-day therapy initiation.

Complications of Untreated STIs

Without treatment, STIs can cause:

  • Infertility and ectopic pregnancy (chlamydia, gonorrhea)

  • Chronic pelvic pain and PID

  • Cervical and liver cancers (HPV, hepatitis)

  • Neurological or cardiovascular complications (syphilis)

  • Increased HIV transmission risk

  • Adverse pregnancy outcomes

In Bursa’s rapidly expanding urban population, delayed diagnosis can result from stigma or misinformation. Local clinics work actively to promote sexual health awareness and encourage early screening.

Prevention and Safe Practices

Preventive strategies are the foundation of sexual health:

  • Condom use during all types of sexual activity.

  • HPV and Hepatitis B vaccination for unvaccinated adults.

  • Annual STI screening for sexually active individuals.

  • Avoiding shared needles or personal items.

  • Mutual monogamy and open partner communication.

  • PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) for HIV prevention.

Gynecology and sexual health centers in Bursa integrate STI prevention into regular checkups. According to PubMed (2025), vaccination and education programs significantly reduce infection rates in urban areas.

When to Visit a Gynecologist in Bursa

You should visit a gynecologist if you experience:

  • Abnormal genital discharge or odor

  • Pain or bleeding during intercourse

  • Persistent genital sores or irritation

  • Recurrent urinary infections

  • Unprotected sex with a new partner

Early evaluation ensures fast and accurate treatment. Bursa clinics provide discreet, same-day consultations for local and international patients seeking advanced sexual health care.

For confidential consultation and appointments: +90 541 998 34 34

Why Choose Bursa for STI Treatment

Bursa has become one of Turkey’s leading medical centers, offering modern healthcare infrastructure, experienced specialists, and international patient services. Clinics in the city combine cutting-edge diagnostic technology, privacy, and compassionate care.
Patients from neighboring cities and abroad choose Bursa for its accessible, professional, and cost-effective sexual health treatments.

Key Takeaway

Sexually transmitted infections are preventable and manageable when diagnosed early. Clinics in Bursa provide modern diagnostic tests, expert treatments, and confidential counseling. Regular checkups, vaccination, and safe sexual practices are the most effective ways to protect your reproductive health.

For private and confidential consultation in Bursa: +90 541 998 34 34

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